friar 的詞源
friar(n.)
“教会中乞讨修道院之一的成员”,13世纪晚期,frere,来自古法语 frere “兄弟,修士”(9世纪,现代法语 frère),最初指乞讨修道院(方济会,圣奥古斯丁会,圣多明我会,卡尔默尔会),他们在13世纪初抵达英格兰,来自拉丁语 frater “兄弟”(来自原始印欧词根 *bhrater- “兄弟”)。在一般用法中,也指“兄弟,朋友,同志”(约1300年)。
By the word [ friar] is meant a member of one of the mendicant orders, i.e. those living entirely on alms, especially the 'four orders' of Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, & Augustinian Hermits. [ Monk] is used sometimes of all male members of religious orders including friars, but properly excludes the mendicants. In the latter case the general distinction is that while the monk belongs essentially to his particular monastery, & his object is to make a good man of himself, the friar's sphere of work is outside, & his object is to do a good work among the people. [Fowler]
通过词语 [ friar] 意指乞讨修道院的成员,即那些完全依靠施舍生活的人,特别是方济会,圣多明我会,卡尔默尔会和圣奥古斯丁隐士会的“四个修会”。 [ Monk] 有时用于所有男性宗教修会成员,包括修士,但正确来说不包括乞讨修士。在后者的情况下,一般区分是,修士本质上属于他特定的修道院,他的目的是成为一个好人,而修士的工作领域在外,他的目的是在人民中做好事。[Fowler]
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friar 的趨勢
根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。
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