14世紀後期,“根據天體觀察進行計算和預測”的含義,源自拉丁文“astrologia”(astronomy,“天體科學”),源自希臘語“astrologia”(astronomy),字面意思爲“星座描繪”,源自“astron”(星座)(源自 PIE 根“*ster-”(2)“星座”)和“-logia”(處理)(參見“-logy”)。
最初與“astronomy”相同,包括科學觀察和描述。特別的“將天文學應用於預測事件”的含義,被分爲“natural astrology”“自然現象的計算和預測”(潮汐,日食,教堂慶祝日期等),以及“judicial astrology”“判斷星球對人類事務的隱祕影響的藝術。”
在拉丁文和後來的希臘文中,“astronomia”傾向於更科學,“astrologia”則沒有。在英語中,“astrology”和“astronomy”之間的差異始於15世紀後期,到17世紀後期,該詞的含義僅限於“閱讀星座的影響以及它們對人類命運的影響”。
And consequently, an Astrology in the World before Astronomy, either in Name or Science. so that (Non obstante whatever any Astronomer shall oppose to the contrary) Astrology hath the right of Primogeniture. And all the Sober and Judiciously Learned must needs acknowledge the Truth hereof.—Howbeit, it were to be wished that the Astrologer understood Astronomy, and that the Astronomer were acquainted with Astrology: Although I do in truth despair of ever finding many to be so happily Accomplished. [John Gadbury, introduction to "Ephemerides of the Celestial Motions," London, 1672]
因此,在天文學之前的世界上,有一個與天文學相同的 astrology,無論任何天文學家反對這一點,佔據了“Non obstante”的知識理念,這些理智明智的學者必須承認這一點。不過,它希望占星家瞭解天文學,天文學家熟悉占星學:儘管我真的絕望於在這一點上找到許多人如此幸運。(約翰·加德伯裏(John Gadbury),《天體運動的日曆》(倫敦,1672年)引言)
It is ... an extremely just observation of M. Comte, that [the study of astrology] marks the first systematic effort to frame a philosophy of history by reducing the apparently capricious phenomena of human actions within the domain of law. It may, however, I think, be no less justly regarded as one of the last struggles of human egotism against the depressing sense of insignificance which the immensity of the universe must produce. [W.E.H. Lecky, "History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe," 1866]
這是 Comte 先生的一個非常正確的觀察,即占星學的研究通過將人類行動的明顯、反覆無常的現象歸於規律的範疇,標誌着制定歷史哲學的第一個系統性努力。但是,我認爲,它同樣可以被看作是人類自大抵抗宇宙廣闊和自身渺小感的最後一次鬥爭。(W·E·H·Lecky,“歐洲理性主義崛起與影響史”(1866))