以前 critick,1580年代,“一个评判者,擅长评估某一特定类别事物优劣的人”,来自法语 critique(14世纪),源自拉丁语 criticus “评判者,审查者,估计者”,也指“能够识别文学作品中虚假段落的语法学家”,源自希腊语 kritikos “能够做出判断”,来自 krinein “分离,决定”(来自原始印欧语根 *krei- “筛分”,因此“区分,辨别”)。“评判书籍、戏剧等优劣的人”的含义始于1600年左右。英语词汇一直带有“审查者,挑剔者,严厉评判者”的色彩。
To understand how the artist felt, however, is not criticism; criticism is an investigation of what the work is good for. ... Criticism ... is a serious and public function; it shows the race assimilating the individual, dividing the immortal from the mortal part of a soul. [George Santayana, "The Life of Reason," 1906]
然而,理解艺术家的感受并不是批评;批评是对作品价值的研究。……批评……是一项严肃而公共的职能;它展示了种族同化个体,区分灵魂中不朽与凡人的部分。[乔治·圣泰亚那,《理性的生活》,1906年]
A perfect judge will read each work of wit
With the same spirit that its author writ;
[Pope, "An Essay on Criticism," 1709]
对于“劣质或无能的批评家”,17世纪有 criticaster;后来的世代使用 criticling, critikin, criticule。