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capitalist 的詞源

capitalist(n.)

1791年,“資本家,擁有大量財產從事商業活動的人”,源自法語 capitaliste,是大革命時期的一個新詞彙,也是一種指責的詞語; 參見 capital (n.2)和 -ist; 還可參考 capitalism

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十七世紀十年代,指“個人財富”,源自中世紀拉丁語 capitale “存貨、財產”,爲拉丁語中中性詞 capitalis(capital)的名詞用法(見 capital(形容詞))。十七世紀四十年代指“用於特定企業的財富”,之後在政治經濟學上更廣泛地指“可用於進一步生產的工業產值”(1793)。

[The term capital] made its first appearance in medieval Latin as an adjective capitalis (from caput, head) modifying the word pars, to designate the principal sum of a money loan. The principal part of a loan was contrasted with the "usury"—later called interest—the payment made to the lender in addition to the return of the sum lent. This usage, unknown to classical Latin, had become common by the thirteenth century and possibly had begun as early as 1100 A.D., in the first chartered towns of Europe. [Frank A. Fetter, "Reformulation of the Concepts of Capital and Income in Economics and Accounting," 1937, in "Capital, Interest, & Rent," 1977]
[這個術語 capital ]最初作爲中世紀拉丁語中的一個形容詞而首次出現,來自 caput(頭),用於修飾 pars,用以指代一筆貨幣貸款的本金部分。 貸款的本金部分與“高利貸”即付給貸款人的利息相對應。 這種用法在古典拉丁文中是無法理解的,但在十三世紀已經很常見,並且可能早在11世紀早期歐洲的第一批特許城鎮中就已經開始了。 [弗蘭克·費特(Frank A. Fetter),“經濟學和會計中關於資本和收入概念的再製定”,1937,收錄於“資本,利息和地租”,1977年]

此外,參見 cattle,並比較 feepecuniary 的意義演變。中古英語中有 chief money “主要基金”(14世紀中期)。在古典拉丁文中,形容詞的名詞用法意味着“重罪”。

1854年,“擁有資本的狀態”; 來自 capital(n.1)+ -ism。 “鼓勵資本家的政治/經濟體系”一詞記錄於1872年,最初被社會主義者貶低使用。 “少數人手中的資本集中; 大資本的權力或影響”一詞來自1877年。

"Capital" may be most briefly described as wealth producing more wealth; and "capitalism" as the system directing that process. This latter term came into general use during the second half of the 19th century as a word chiefly signifying the world-wide modern system of organizing production and trade by private enterprise free to seek profit and fortune by employing for wages the mass of human labour. There is no satisfactory definition of the term, though nothing is more evident than the thing. [J.L. Garvin, "Capitalism" in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1929] 
“資本”可以最簡要地描述爲生產更多財富; “資本主義”是指指導這一過程的系統。這個後者的術語在19世紀下半葉開始普遍使用,主要是指通過私人企業自由尋求利潤和財富,通過僱用大量人力勞動力來組織生產和貿易的全球現代系統。雖然沒有什麼比這個更明顯的事情,但這個術語沒有令人滿意的定義。[J.L. Garvin,“資本主義”於 Encyclopaedia Britannica,1929年] 
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capitalist 的趨勢

根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。

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翻譯由AI生成。查看原文,請訪問: Etymology, origin and meaning of capitalist

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