constructive 的詞源
constructive(adj.)
1670年代,“由解釋而來的,非直接陳述而是推斷出的”,源自法語 constructif 或直接來自中世紀拉丁語 constructivus,源自拉丁語 construct-,過去分詞詞幹來自於 construere “堆積”,來自於 com 的同化形式“一起,共同”(見 con-)+ struere “堆積”(來自 PIE 詞根 *stere- “擴散”)。
“涉及建造的”意思來自於1817年; “具有建設性”的意思來自於1841年,特別是“有益貢獻的”。相關的: Constructively; constructiveness。Constructive criticism 最早見於1841年,最初用於神學和哲學。
Constructive criticism has frequently secured, in various departments of scientific inquiry, positive results, the value of which cannot be over-estimated; but there are not wanting instances in which a destructively critical method has performed services equally as valuable. Groundless hypotheses, unwarrantable theories, and baseless prejudices, required to be swept away, so that a constructive criticism might operate freely and successfully. [The Christian Ambassador, vol. ix, 1871]
建設性的批評在科學探究的各個領域經常產生了積極的結果,其價值不可高估; 但也有一些例子,毀滅性的批判方法做出了同樣有價值的工作。毫無根據的假設,不合理的理論和無依據的偏見需要被清除,以便建設性的批評可以自由而成功地發揮作用。[《基督教大使者》第九卷,1871]
後來,此詞擴展到教育領域,並且變得更爲個人化:
Constructive criticism points out a specific deficiency, and suggests a specific remedy. It is destructive in tearing down the wrong, but constructive in replacing value. Such criticism will afford the teacher the satisfaction of having a definite basis on which to work. [George M. Baker, "Constructive Supervision," in The American School Board Journal, February 1918]
建設性的批評指出具體的缺陷,並提出具體的糾正方法。它在消除錯誤的同時是破壞性的,但在替換有價值的東西方面是建設性的。這樣的批評將爲教師提供具體的工作基礎。 [喬治·M·貝克,《建設性監督》,《美國學校董事會雜誌》,1918年2月]
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constructive 的趨勢
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