notwithstanding 的詞源
notwithstanding(prep.)
負面現在分詞作爲準介詞使用,最初和正確的寫法是兩個單詞,14世紀後期, notwiþstondynge “儘管,不顧”來自 not 和動詞 withstand 的現在分詞。它具有 with 的舊“反對”意義。這是中世紀拉丁語 non obstante “沒有阻礙”的借譯,字面意思是“不妨礙”,來自 obstans 的與格,動詞 obstare 的現在分詞“站在對面”(見 obstacle)。作爲副詞,“然而”,作爲連詞,“儘管事實如此”,從15世紀初開始使用。
Notwithstanding ... calls attention with some emphasis to an obstacle: as, notwithstanding his youth, he made great progress. In spite of and despite, by the strength of the word spite, point primarily to active opposition: as, in spite of his utmost efforts, he was defeated; and, figuratively, to great obstacles of any kind: as, despite all hindrances, he arrived at the time appointed. [Century Dictionary]
Notwithstanding ... 強調障礙:例如, notwithstanding 他年輕,他取得了很大進步。 In spite of 和 despite,由於 spite 這個詞的力量,首先指的是積極的反對:例如, in spite of 他最大的努力,他被打敗了; 並且,比喻地,指的是任何種類的巨大障礙:例如, despite 所有的阻礙,他按時到達了。[世紀詞典]
notwithstanding 的趨勢
根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。
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