rum 的詞源
rum(n.)
"朗姆酒,由甘蔗汁或糖蜜蒸餾而成",1650年代,顯然是 rumbullion(1651年), rombostion(1652年)的縮寫,這些詞的起源不確定,但疑點落在 rum(形容詞)上,意爲"優秀的,好的,有價值的"; 短語 rum bouse "好酒"可追溯到16世紀60年代和17世紀。這個英語單詞被借入荷蘭語、德語、瑞典語、丹麥語、西班牙語、葡萄牙語、意大利語、法語和俄語。
In the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, is a manuscript entitled "A briefe description of the Island of Barbados." It is undated but from internal evidence it must have been written about the year 1651. In describing the various drinks in vogue in Barbados, the writer says : "The chief fudling they make in the Island is Rumbullion alias Kill-Divill, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor. ["The Etymology of the Word Rum," in Timehri, 1885]
都柏林三一學院圖書館有一份手稿,名爲"巴巴多斯島簡介"。雖然沒有日期,但從內部證據來看,它必須是在1651年左右寫的。在描述巴巴多斯流行的各種飲料時,作者說:"島上主要的飲料是 Rumbullion,又名 Kill-Divill,這是由甘蔗蒸餾而成的,是一種烈性、可怕的酒。["The Etymology of the Word Rum," in Timehri, 1885]
Rum 自1800年左右在北美被用作對酒精飲料的一般(敵對)名稱,因此有 rum-runner 和許多其他禁酒時期的俚語。
Rum I take to be the name which unwashed moralists apply alike to the product distilled from molasses and the noblest juices of the vineyard. Burgundy in "all its sunset glow" is rum. Champagne, soul of "the foaming grape of Eastern France," is rum. ... Sir, I repudiate the loathsome vulgarism as an insult to the first miracle wrought by the Founder of our religion! [Oliver Wendell Holmes, "The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table," 1871]
我認爲,朗姆酒是未洗滌的道德家們用來稱呼從糖蜜中蒸餾出來的產品和葡萄園中最高貴的果汁的名稱。勃艮第酒在"它所有的日落光輝"中是朗姆酒。香檳,"法國東部葡萄的泡沫之魂",是朗姆酒。......先生,我拒絕這個令人厭惡的粗俗用語,因爲它是對我們宗教創始人所行的第一個奇蹟的侮辱![奧利弗·溫德爾·霍姆斯,《早餐桌上的獨裁者》,1871年]
rum(adj.)
"優秀的,好的,有價值的",1560年代的行話,也被稱爲 rome, "好的",據說來自羅姆人的 rom "男人,丈夫"(見 Romany)。這是16世紀非常常見的行話詞彙(與 queer 相對),例如 rum kicks "用金銀錦緞或鑲有金銀的花邊裝飾的褲子" [Grose,《俚語詞典》,1785年]。
到1774年,它也開始意味着相反的意思:"奇怪的,奇特的,不好的,假的",也許是因爲它經常被騙子用來互相稱讚。或者這是一個不同的詞。這是19世紀後期的主要意義。
Rom (or rum) and quier (or queer) enter largely into combination, thus--rom = gallant, fine, clever, excellent, strong; rom-bouse = wine or strong drink; rum-bite = a clever trick or fraud; rum-blowen = a handsome mistress; rum-bung = a full purse; rum-diver = a clever pickpocket; rum-padder = a well-mounted highwayman, etc.: also queere = base, roguish; queer-bung = an empty purse; queer-cole = bad money; queer-diver = a bungling pickpocket; queer-ken = a prison; queer-mort = a foundered whore, and so forth. [John S. Farmer, "Musa Pedestris," 1896]
Rom(或 rum)和 quier(或 queer)在組合中大量出現,例如 rom = 英俊的,好的,聰明的,優秀的,強壯的; rom-bouse = 酒或烈酒; rum-bite = 聰明的把戲或欺詐行爲; rum-blowen = 漂亮的情婦; rum-bung = 豐滿的錢袋; rum-diver = 聰明的扒手; rum-padder = 騎着好馬的公路強盜等等:還有 queere = 卑鄙的,狡猾的; queer-bung = 空錢袋; queer-cole = 假錢; queer-diver = 笨拙的扒手; queer-ken = 監獄; queer-mort = 墮落的妓女等等。[約翰·S·法默,《Musa Pedestris》,1896年]
rum 的趨勢
根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。
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