14世紀晚期, speculacioun,“智慧的沉思,思考; 觀察的行爲”,源自古法語 speculacion,“密切觀察,全神貫注”,直接源自拉丁語 speculationem(主格 speculatio),“沉思,觀察,窺探”的動名詞,源自 speculatus 的過去分詞,該詞來自拉丁語 speculari,“觀察”,源自 specere,“看,視”(源自 PIE 詞根 *spek-,“觀察”)。
“通過思考追求真理”的意義始於15世紀中期。貶義的“純粹的猜測”意義始於1570年代。(在中古英語中,它也可以表示“理論與實踐相對”)。“爲了從市場價值的漲跌中獲利而進行的買賣”這一意義始於1774年; 在這個意義上,短語 spec 的用法始於1794年。
Protestant clergy were at least as bigoted as Catholic ecclesiastics, nevertheless there soon came to be much more liberty of speculation in Protestant than in Catholic countries, because in Protestant countries the clergy had less power. The important aspect of Protestantism was schism, not heresy, for schism led to national Churches were not strong enough to control the lay government. This was wholly a gain, for the Churches, everywhere, opposed as long as they could practically every invention that made for an increase of happiness or knowledge here on earth. [Bertrand Russell, "A History of Western Philosophy," 1945]
新教神職人員至少和天主教教士一樣偏執,然而在新教國家,思想自由很快就比天主教國家更多,因爲在新教國家,神職人員的權力更小。新教的重要方面是分裂,而不是異端邪說,因爲分裂導致了國家教會,這些教會不足以控制世俗政府。這完全是一種收穫,因爲無論在哪裏,教會都反對一切增加人間幸福或知識的發明。 [伯特蘭·羅素,《西方哲學史》,1945年]