stubborn 的詞源
stubborn(adj.)
14世纪后期,“倔强,难以驯服”,一个词源学上持续困难的词汇。首次在乔叟的艾丽丝夫人的口中文学使用:
I was yong and ful of ragerye, Stibourne and strong and ioly as a pye. [Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale]
我年轻且充满活力,倔强而强壮,像一只松鸦一样快乐。[《巴斯夫人的序言与故事》]
但在1332年的贝德福德郡赋税卷中出现了一个西蒙 Stubourne。牛津英语词典和利伯曼怀疑与 stub (n.) 的任何关联。到1510年代作为“难以治疗或管理的”(感染等)。相关词: Stubbornly; stubbornness。
Publick immutable matter of Fact, is a very Sullen, Stubborn sort of a thing to oppose. [Samuel Audland, "The Spirit of Quakerism Cloven-Footed," 1707]
公开的不变事实,是一个非常阴沉、倔强的东西,难以反对。[塞缪尔·奥德兰,《被割脚的贵格会精神》,1707年]
Fancy and Imagination are mutable things, and change with the Persons ; but Matters of Fact are stubborn and inflexible, they cannot be withdrawn to set out a Story, and make it more plausible. [Thomas Wagstaffe, "A Vindication of King Charles the Martyr," 3rd ed., 1711]
幻想和想象是可变的东西,会随着人而变化;但事实是倔强和不灵活的,它们无法被撤回以构建一个故事,使其更具可信性。[托马斯·瓦格斯塔夫,《查理殉道王的辩护》,第3版,1711年]
确切的表达 facts are stubborn things 出现在1717年11月的《政治状态》中。
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stubborn 的趨勢
根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。
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