13世紀中期,“敵對態度,惡意,板着臉”(也指“痛苦,苦難; 痛苦,煎熬”,現已過時),來自古諾爾斯語 angr “痛苦,悲傷,悲痛,折磨”,源自原始日耳曼語 *angaz(來自 PIE 詞根 *angh- “緊,痛苦地收縮,痛苦”)。它與德語 Angst 同源。14世紀初已有“憤怒,怒火”的意義。
From the sense of oppression, or injury, the expression was transferred to the feelings of resentment naturally aroused in the mind of the person aggrieved. In the same way, the word harm signifies injury, damage in English, and resentment, anger, vexation in Swedish.
The idea of injury is very often expressed by the image of pressure, as in the word oppress, or the Fr. grever, to bear heavy on one. [Hensleigh Wedgwood, "A Dictionary of English Etymology," 1859 ]
從壓迫或傷害的感覺,這個表達方式被轉移到了受害者心中自然引起的憤怒情緒。同樣,英語中的 harm 表示傷害,損害,瑞典語中表示憤怒,憤怒,惱怒。
受傷的想法經常用壓力的形象來表達,如壓迫這個詞,或者法語 grever,意思是在一個人身上承受沉重的壓力。[亨斯利·韋奇伍德,《英語詞源詞典》,1859年]
古諾爾斯語還有 angr-gapi “魯莽,愚蠢的人”; 還有 angr-lauss “無憂無慮”; angr-lyndi “悲傷,情緒低落”。