bias 的詞源
bias(n.)
1520年代,“斜線或對角線”,源自法語 biais “傾斜,斜坡,斜線”,也比喻爲“權宜之計,手段”(13世紀,最初在古法語中是過去分詞形容詞,“側向的,斜視的,逆行的”),這是一個起源不明的詞。可能它來自於古普羅旺斯語 biais,在古加泰羅尼亞語和撒丁語中有同源詞,可能是通過通俗拉丁語 *(e)bigassius 從希臘語 epikarsios 而來,“橫跨,橫向,成角度”,來自於 epi “在...上”(參見 epi-)+ karsios “斜的”(來自於 PIE *krs-yo-,是詞根 *sker-(1)“切割”的帶後綴形式)。
在古老的保齡球遊戲中,它是一個技術術語,用於指代一側重量更大的球,使它們斜向彎曲(1560年代); 因此比喻爲“心理上的單向傾向”(1570年代),最初特別是在法律上,“不當的傾向或偏見”。
The bias of education, the bias of class-relationships, the bias of nationality, the political bias, the theological bias—these, added to the constitutional sympathies and antipathies, have much more influence in determining beliefs on social questions than has the small amount of evidence collected. [Herbert Spencer, "The Study of Sociology," 1873]
教育的偏見,階級關係的偏見,國籍的偏見,政治的偏見,神學的偏見——這些,加上憲法的情感和反感,對社會問題的信仰產生了比收集的少量證據更大的影響。[赫伯特·斯賓塞,“社會學研究”,1873年]
For what a man had rather were true he more readily believes. Therefore he rejects difficult things from impatience of research; sober things, because they narrow hope; the deeper things of nature, from superstition; the light of experience, from arrogance and pride, lest his mind should seem to be occupied with things mean and transitory; things not commonly believed, out of deference to the opinion of the vulgar. Numberless in short are the ways, and sometimes imperceptible, in which the affections colour and infect the understanding. [Francis Bacon, "Novum Organum," 1620]
因爲人們更願意相信自己希望成真的事情。因此,他因爲不耐煩而拒絕困難的事情; 因爲它們會減少希望,所以拒絕嚴肅的事情; 因爲迷信,所以拒絕自然的深層次的事情; 因爲傲慢和驕傲,所以拒絕經驗的啓示,以免他的思想似乎被佔據了瑣碎和短暫的事物; 因爲顧及普通人的意見,所以拒絕不常見的事情。總之,感情以無數種方式影響和感染理解,有時是不可察覺的。[弗朗西斯·培根,“新工具論”,1620年]
bias 的趨勢
根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。
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