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satire 的詞源

satire(n.)

約1500年,“一種文學作品(最初是詩歌),旨在通過輕蔑或蔑視的表達方式嘲笑流行的惡習或愚蠢”,源自14世紀的法語 satire,直接源自拉丁語 satira “諷刺; 詩歌雜集”,早期爲 satura,在 lanx satura 中指“混合菜餚,裝滿各種水果的盤子”,字面意思爲“滿盤”,來自 satur 的女性形式(源自 PIE 根 *sa- “滿足”)。

這個詞在拉丁語中獲得了文學意義,指的是晚期共和國詩人恩尼烏斯的一組以不同韻律寫成的詩歌,涉及各種主題。他的詩歌中所剩無幾,現在似乎並不特別諷刺,但在古典拉丁語中,這個詞尤其用於攻擊各種惡習的詩歌。

在拉丁語中,這個形式受到了希臘 satyr 的影響,人們錯誤地認爲這種文學形式與希臘 satyr 戲劇有關(參見 satyr)。另請參見 humor(n.)。

在現代通用語中,“充滿諷刺、嘲笑、反諷等的譴責或嘲弄的演講或寫作”。更廣泛的意義是“使某人或某事看起來荒謬的事實或情況”,始於1690年代。

Satire, n. An obsolete kind of literary composition in which the vices and follies of the author's enemies were expounded with imperfect tenderness. In this country satire never had more than a sickly and uncertain existence, for the soul of it is wit, wherein we are dolefully deficient, the humor that we mistake for it, like all humor, being tolerant and sympathetic. Moreover, although Americans are 'endowed by their Creator' with abundant vice and folly, it is not generally known that these are reprehensible qualities, wherefore the satirist is popularly regarded as a sour-spirited knave, and his every victim's outcry for codefendants evokes a national assent. [Ambrose Bierce, "Devil's Dictionary," 1911] 
諷刺n。一種過時的文學作品,以不完美的溫柔揭示了作者敵人的惡習和愚蠢。在這個國家,諷刺從未有過比病態和不確定的存在更多的,因爲它的靈魂是機智,而我們在這方面非常缺乏幽默感,我們誤認爲幽默感就是機智,就像所有幽默感一樣,它是寬容和同情的。此外,儘管美國人“由他們的創造者賦予了豐富的惡習和愚蠢”,但人們普遍不知道這些是應受譴責的品質,因此,諷刺家通常被視爲一個酸溜溜的惡棍,他的每一個受害者的呼聲都引起了全國的贊同。[安布羅斯·比爾斯,《魔鬼詞典》,1911年]
Proper satire is distinguished, by the generality of the reflections, from a lampoon which is aimed against a particular person, but they are too frequently confounded. [Johnson] 
適當的 satire 通過反思的廣泛性與針對特定人物的 lampoon 區分開來,但它們經常被混淆。[約翰遜]
[I]n whatever department of human expression, wherever there is objective truth there is satire [Wyndham Lewis, "Rude Assignment," 1950]
在任何人類表達的領域,只要有客觀真理,就會有諷刺。[溫德姆·劉易斯,《粗魯的任務》,1950年]

satire(v.)

"satirize," 1905年,源自 satire(名詞)。更早的詞是 satirize。相關詞彙: Satiredsatiring

相關條目

14世紀中期,“動物或植物的液體或汁液”,源自古北法語 humour “液體,潮溼; (醫學)體液”(古法語 humorumor; 現代法語 humeur),源自拉丁語 umor “體液”(也有 humor,因與 humus “土壤”誤會而產生); 與 umere “潮溼,溼潤”有關,與 uvescere “變溼”有關(見 humid)。

在舊醫學中,“四種體液”(血液、痰液、膽汁和黑膽汁)。

The human body had four humors—blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile—which, in turn, were associated with particular organs. Blood came from the heart, phlegm from the brain, yellow bile from the liver, and black bile from the spleen. Galen and Avicenna attributed certain elemental qualities to each humor. Blood was hot and moist, like air; phlegm was cold and moist, like water; yellow bile was hot and dry, like fire; and black bile was cold and dry, like earth. In effect, the human body was a microcosm of the larger world. [Robert S. Gottfried, "The Black Death," 1983]
人體有四種體液——血液、痰液、黃膽汁和黑膽汁,它們又與特定的器官相關。血液來自心臟,痰液來自大腦,黃膽汁來自肝臟,黑膽汁來自脾臟。伽蓮和阿維森納將某些元素特性歸於每種體液。血液是熱和溼的,像空氣; 痰液是冷和溼的,像水; 黃膽汁是熱和乾的,像火; 黑膽汁是冷和乾的,像土。實際上,人體是更大世界的微觀世界。[羅伯特·戈特弗裏德,《黑死病》,1983]

它們的相對比例被認爲決定了身體狀況和心態。這使 humor 具有“心情,暫時的心態”的擴展意義(記錄於1520年代); “有趣的品質,滑稽的思維轉折”的意義首次記錄於1680年代,可能是通過“奇想,反覆無常”的意義(1560年代)來確定心態而產生的,這也產生了動詞意義的“迎合(某人的)幻想或性情”。現代法語將它們作爲雙重形式: humeur “性情,心情,奇想”; humour “幽默”。“最初的 h 的發音是最近纔有的,有時會省略……”[OED]。

爲了幫助區分通常被歸爲“幽默”的各種設備,亨利·W·福勒(Henry W. Fowler)的這個指南[《現代英語用法》,1926]可能會有所幫助:

HUMOR: motive/aim: discovery; province: human nature; method/means: observation; audience: the sympathetic
WIT: motive/aim: throwing light; province: words & ideas; method/means: surprise; audience: the intelligent
SATIRE: motive/aim: amendment; province: morals & manners; method/means: accentuation; audience: the self-satisfied
SARCASM: motive/aim: inflicting pain; province: faults & foibles; method/means: inversion; audience: victim & bystander
INVECTIVE: motive/aim: discredit; province: misconduct; method/means: direct statement; audience: the public
IRONY: motive/aim: exclusiveness; province: statement of facts; method/means: mystification; audience: an inner circle
CYNICISM: motive/aim: self-justification; province: morals; method/means: exposure of nakedness; audience: the respectable
SARDONIC: motive/aim: self-relief; province: adversity; method/means: pessimism; audience: the self
幽默:動機/目的:發現; 領域:人性; 方法/手段:觀察; 受衆:有同情心的人
機智:動機/目的:照亮; 領域:言辭和思想; 方法/手段:驚喜; 受衆:聰明人
諷刺:動機/目的:改正; 領域:道德和禮儀; 方法/手段:強調; 受衆:自滿的人
諷刺:動機/目的:造成痛苦; 領域:缺點和弱點; 方法/手段:倒置; 受衆:受害者和旁觀者
謾罵:動機/目的:抹黑; 領域:不當行爲; 方法/手段:直接陳述; 受衆:公衆
反語:動機/目的:排他性; 領域:事實陳述; 方法/手段:神祕化; 受衆:內部圈子
玩世不恭:動機/目的:自我辯解; 領域:道德; 方法/手段:暴露裸體; 受衆:體面的人
嘲諷:動機/目的:自我緩解; 領域:逆境; 方法/手段:悲觀主義; 受衆:自己

大約1600年,“寫諷刺詩”的不及物義已經過時,源自法語 satiriser,源自法語中的名詞(參見 satire(n.))。及物動詞的意義是“用諷刺攻擊,用諷刺的機智揭露(某人或某事物)以受到譴責或嘲笑”,始於1630年代。相關詞彙: Satirizedsatirizing

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satire 的趨勢

根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。

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翻譯由AI生成。查看原文,請訪問: Etymology, origin and meaning of satire

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