也 tolleration,1510年代,“权威授予的许可,执照”(现在已废弃的意义),来自法语 tolération(15世纪),源自拉丁语 tolerationem(主格 toleratio)“承受,支持,忍受”(也源自古西班牙语 toleracion,意大利语 tollerazione),名词形式来自 tolerare 的过去分词词干“忍受,支持,承受,受苦”,字面意思是“承受”(来自 PIE *tele- “承受,携带”;参见 extol)。
“承受或忍耐的行为”的经典意义在16世纪至17世纪的英语中存在,但现已废弃。“宽容,忍受,容忍的倾向;允许不被认可之物的行为”的意义始于1580年代。
特定的宗教意义始于1609年,“在信仰和礼拜事务中对私人判断权的承认”,由统治权力授予(但在美国后来作为自然权利)。如在 Act of Toleration(1689年)中,该法令授予在英格兰的异议派新教徒宗教崇拜的自由(附带条件)。在此意义上,它意味着“在信仰和礼拜事务中对私人判断权的承认;政府授予的自由,可以随意讲道和崇拜;在法律面前不论宗教的平等。”
If any man err from the right way, it is his own misfortune, no injury to thee; nor therefore art thou to punish him in the things of this life because thou supposest he will be miserable in that which is to come. Nobody, therefore, in fine, neither single persons nor churches, nay, nor even commonwealths, have any just title to invade the civil rights and worldly goods of each other upon pretence of religion. [John Locke, "Letter Concerning Toleration," 1689]
如果任何人偏离正道,那是他自己的不幸,对你没有伤害;因此,你不应因为认为他将在来世痛苦而在今生惩罚他。因此,最后,无论是个人还是教会,甚至是国家,都没有正当的理由以宗教为借口侵犯彼此的公民权利和世俗财物。[约翰·洛克,《宽容书信》,1689年]
Before any man can be considered as a member of Civil Society, he must be considered as a subject of the Governour of the Universe: And if a member of Civil Society, do it with a saving of his allegiance to the Universal Sovereign. We maintain therefore that in matters of Religion, no man's right is abridged by the institution of Civil Society and that Religion is wholly exempt from its cognizance. [James Madison, "Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments," 1785]
在任何人被视为公民社会的成员之前,他必须被视为宇宙统治者的臣民:如果是公民社会的成员,则在保留对普遍主权者的效忠的情况下。我们因此主张,在宗教事务中,没有人的权利会因公民社会的建立而被削减,宗教完全不受其管辖。[詹姆斯·麦迪逊,《反对宗教评估的纪念和抗议》,1785年]
Unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance. If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them. [Karl Popper, "The Open Society and Its Enemies," 1962]
无限的宽容必将导致宽容的消失。如果我们对那些不宽容的人也施以无限的宽容,如果我们不准备捍卫一个宽容的社会免受不宽容者的攻击,那么宽容者将被摧毁,宽容也将随之消失。[卡尔·波普,《开放社会及其敌人》,1962年]