cloture 的詞源
cloture(n.)
1871年,法語單詞“closure”的意思是“關閉,關閉行動”,最初用於法國議會的辯論(“多數意志關閉(辯論)的行動”),然後用於英國下議院和美國國會,來自法語 clôture,源自古法語 closture(參見 closure)。這個詞在英語中特別被反對該策略的人使用。
In foreign countries the Clôture has been used notoriously to barricade up a majority against the "pestilent" criticism of a minority, and in this country every "whip" and force is employed by the majority to re-assert its continued supremacy and to keep its ranks intact whenever attacked. How this one-sided struggle to maintain solidarity can be construed into "good for all" is inexplicable in the sense uttered. ["The clôture and the Recent Debate, a Letter to Sir J. Lubbock," London, 1882]
在外國,Clôture 被公開用來阻止少數派的“有害”批評,而在這個國家,多數派使用每一個“鞭子”和力量來重新確立其持續的優勢,並在受到攻擊時保持其隊伍的完整性。這種單方面的維護團結的鬥爭如何被解釋爲“對所有人有益”是無法解釋的。[“Clôture 和最近的辯論,寫給 J·盧伯克爵士的信”,倫敦,1882年]
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cloture 的趨勢
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