14世紀中期,“動物或植物的液體或汁液”,源自古北法語 humour “液體,潮溼; (醫學)體液”(古法語 humor, umor; 現代法語 humeur),源自拉丁語 umor “體液”(也有 humor,因與 humus “土壤”誤會而產生); 與 umere “潮溼,溼潤”有關,與 uvescere “變溼”有關(見 humid)。
在舊醫學中,“四種體液”(血液、痰液、膽汁和黑膽汁)。
The human body had four humors—blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile—which, in turn, were associated with particular organs. Blood came from the heart, phlegm from the brain, yellow bile from the liver, and black bile from the spleen. Galen and Avicenna attributed certain elemental qualities to each humor. Blood was hot and moist, like air; phlegm was cold and moist, like water; yellow bile was hot and dry, like fire; and black bile was cold and dry, like earth. In effect, the human body was a microcosm of the larger world. [Robert S. Gottfried, "The Black Death," 1983]
人體有四種體液——血液、痰液、黃膽汁和黑膽汁,它們又與特定的器官相關。血液來自心臟,痰液來自大腦,黃膽汁來自肝臟,黑膽汁來自脾臟。伽蓮和阿維森納將某些元素特性歸於每種體液。血液是熱和溼的,像空氣; 痰液是冷和溼的,像水; 黃膽汁是熱和乾的,像火; 黑膽汁是冷和乾的,像土。實際上,人體是更大世界的微觀世界。[羅伯特·戈特弗裏德,《黑死病》,1983]
它們的相對比例被認爲決定了身體狀況和心態。這使 humor 具有“心情,暫時的心態”的擴展意義(記錄於1520年代); “有趣的品質,滑稽的思維轉折”的意義首次記錄於1680年代,可能是通過“奇想,反覆無常”的意義(1560年代)來確定心態而產生的,這也產生了動詞意義的“迎合(某人的)幻想或性情”。現代法語將它們作爲雙重形式: humeur “性情,心情,奇想”; humour “幽默”。“最初的 h 的發音是最近纔有的,有時會省略……”[OED]。
爲了幫助區分通常被歸爲“幽默”的各種設備,亨利·W·福勒(Henry W. Fowler)的這個指南[《現代英語用法》,1926]可能會有所幫助:
HUMOR: motive/aim: discovery; province: human nature; method/means: observation; audience: the sympathetic
WIT: motive/aim: throwing light; province: words & ideas; method/means: surprise; audience: the intelligent
SATIRE: motive/aim: amendment; province: morals & manners; method/means: accentuation; audience: the self-satisfied
SARCASM: motive/aim: inflicting pain; province: faults & foibles; method/means: inversion; audience: victim & bystander
INVECTIVE: motive/aim: discredit; province: misconduct; method/means: direct statement; audience: the public
IRONY: motive/aim: exclusiveness; province: statement of facts; method/means: mystification; audience: an inner circle
CYNICISM: motive/aim: self-justification; province: morals; method/means: exposure of nakedness; audience: the respectable
SARDONIC: motive/aim: self-relief; province: adversity; method/means: pessimism; audience: the self
幽默:動機/目的:發現; 領域:人性; 方法/手段:觀察; 受衆:有同情心的人
機智:動機/目的:照亮; 領域:言辭和思想; 方法/手段:驚喜; 受衆:聰明人
諷刺:動機/目的:改正; 領域:道德和禮儀; 方法/手段:強調; 受衆:自滿的人
諷刺:動機/目的:造成痛苦; 領域:缺點和弱點; 方法/手段:倒置; 受衆:受害者和旁觀者
謾罵:動機/目的:抹黑; 領域:不當行爲; 方法/手段:直接陳述; 受衆:公衆
反語:動機/目的:排他性; 領域:事實陳述; 方法/手段:神祕化; 受衆:內部圈子
玩世不恭:動機/目的:自我辯解; 領域:道德; 方法/手段:暴露裸體; 受衆:體面的人
嘲諷:動機/目的:自我緩解; 領域:逆境; 方法/手段:悲觀主義; 受衆:自己