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vampire 的詞源

vampire(n.)

「在人體內的幽靈生物,通過在夜間離開墳墓來吸食活人睡眠中的溫暖血液,以維持生命的表象」,1732年,vampyre,來自法語vampire(18世紀)或德語Vampir(1732年,像英語詞一樣首次出現在匈牙利吸血鬼的記載中),來自匈牙利語vampir,來自古教會斯拉夫語ǫpiriǫpyri(塞爾維亞語vampir,保加利亞語vapir,烏克蘭語uper的來源),斯拉夫語言學家Franc Miklošič稱其最終來自喀山塔塔爾語ubyr「女巫」,但這一點在語音上被該語言領域專家Max Vasmer認為可疑。

MR. D'Anvers tells of a Conversation he had about a certain Prodigy, mention'd in the News Papers of March last, viz. that in the Village of Medreyga in Hungary, certain dead Bodies (call'd there Vampyres) had kill'd several Persons by sucking out all their Blood : That Arnold Paul, an Heyduke, having kill'd four Persons after he was dead, his Body was taken up 40 Days after, which bled at the Nose, Mouth and Ears : That, according to Custom, they drove a Stake thro' his Heart, at which he gave horrid Groan, and lost a great deal of Blood. And that all such as have been tormented or kill'd by Vampyres, become Vampyres when they are dead. [London Journal, May 20, 1732, quoted in Weekly Essays, May 1732]
MR. D'Anvers 講述了他關於某個奇蹟的對話,該奇蹟在March上月的報紙中提到,viz.HungaryMedreyga村,某些dead Bodies(在那裡稱為Vampyres)已經通過吸食所有血液殺死了幾個人:那個Arnold Paul,一個海杜克,在他死後殺死了四個人,他的身體在40天後被挖出,鼻子、嘴巴和耳朵都流血:根據習俗,他們用樁穿過他的心臟,他發出了可怕的呻吟,並失去了大量的血。所有被Vampyres折磨或殺死的人,死後都會變成Vampyres。[倫敦日誌,1732年5月20日,引用自《每週隨筆》,1732年5月]

這個故事的傳播或許可以追溯到1732年出版的一本小冊子,其標題頁寫道:Dissertationem De Hominibus Post Mortem Sanguisugis, Vulgo Sic Dictis Vampyren, Auctoritate Inclyti Philosophorum Ordinis, Publico Eruditorum Examini Die XXX. Aug. An. MDCCXXXII. Submittent M. Io. Christophorus Pohlius, Lignicens. Silesius Et Io. Gottlob Hertelius, Philos. Et Med. Stud. 

一種東歐生物,在19世紀末的哥特小說中被英語化,然而早在1196年就有散見的英語關於行走的不死屍體的記載,但缺乏對這種生物的特殊名稱。

「掠奪他人的人」的比喻意義來自1741年。1774年法國生物學家布封將其應用於一種南美洲吸血蝙蝠。1909年作為「誘惑女性」(參見vamp (n.2))相關詞:Vampiric

相關條目

“诱惑男人的女人,”1915年,vampire的流行缩写,1909年在Porter Emerson Browne的小说A Fool There Was中以此意义被证实,基于Kipling的一首诗,与Kipling的表弟Philip Burne-Jones创作的名为“The Vampire”的画作一起创作。这首诗和画作首次于1897年一起展出。

A fool there was and he made his prayer
     (Even as you and I!)
To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair
(We called her the woman who did not care)
But the fool, he called her his lady fair
     (Even as you and I.)
[Kipling, from "The Vampire"]
"So you're going to turn vampire for revenge?" I inquired.
"Me for the vamp stuff," she assured me earnestly.
[William Slavens McNutt, "The Rocky Road of Rectitude," in Munsey's, February 1915]
A fool there was and he made his prayer
     (Even as you and I!)
To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair
(We called her the woman who did not care)
But the fool, he called her his lady fair
     (Even as you and I.)
[Kipling, from "The Vampire"]

1915年的电影A Fool There Was,基于该小说,被认为是将vamp一词带入主流的。Theda Bara在其中饰演The Vampire使她成名,该词在电影首映一个月内就以危险女性的指称出现在印刷品中。

“所以你打算为了报复变成吸血鬼?”我问道。
“我为了吸血鬼的东西,”她认真地向我保证。
[William Slavens McNutt, "The Rocky Road of Rectitude," in Munsey's, February 1915]

到1918年成为动词。之前该词被用作对男性的贬义,可能是从vamper缩写而来,最初指通过欺骗手段偷窃或欺骗的不诚实男性(在此意义上,1864年)。男性词可能影响了女性vampire的缩写。相关词:Vamping

注意:The print OED citation of Chesterton using the word vamp  in this sense in 1911 cannot be confirmed; the sentence quoted might be from 1926.

1737年,源自 vampire-ism

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    vampire 的趨勢

    根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。

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    翻譯由AI生成。查看原文,請訪問: Etymology, origin and meaning of vampire

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