treason 的詞源
treason(n.)
約公元1200年,treisoun,treson,「背叛;信任的背叛;不忠,信仰的違背」,來自盎格魯法語treson,源自古法語traison「叛國罪,背叛」(11世紀;現代法語trahison),來自拉丁語traditionem(主格traditio)「交付,投降,傳遞,放棄」(西班牙語traicion的來源),名詞形式來自過去分詞詞幹tradere「交付,交出」,來自trans「超過」(參見trans-)+ dare「給予」(來自原始印歐語根*do-「給予」)。是tradition的雙生詞。古法語形式受動詞trair「背叛」的影響。
Vpon Thursday it was treason to cry God saue king James king of England, and vppon Friday hye treason not to cry so. [Thomas Dekker, "The Wonderfull Yeare 1603"]
在古英國法律中,high treason(約公元1400年)是指臣民違反對王冠或國家的最高權力的效忠(其中high的意義是「嚴重,嚴峻」);與petit treason區分,後者是指對臣民的叛國罪,例如僕人謀殺主人,還有偽造等。Constructive treason是一種司法虛構,通過該虛構,未懷有叛國意圖但被認為具有叛國效果的行為,將被懲罰為真正的叛國罪。這解釋了美國憲法中對叛國罪定義的謹慎措辭。
Lord George Gordon was thrown into the Tower and was tried before Lord Mansfield on the charge of high treason for levying war upon the Crown. The charge ... rested upon the assertion that the agitation which he had created and led was the originating cause of the outrages that had taken place. As there was no evidence that Lord George Gordon had anticipated these outrages, as he had taken no part in them, and had even offered his services to the Government to assist in their suppression, the accusation was one which, if it had been maintained, would have had consequences very dangerous to public liberty. [W.E.H. Lecky, on the Gordon Riots (1780), in "History of England in the Eighteenth Century"]
中英語中也有作動詞,treisounen(14世紀中期)「背叛,交給敵人」。
treason 的趨勢
根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。
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