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treasonable 的詞源

treasonable(adj.)

"叛國的或與叛國有關的",14世紀晚期,來自 treason + -able。相關詞彙: Treasonably

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約公元1200年,treisountreson,「背叛;信任的背叛;不忠,信仰的違背」,來自盎格魯法語treson,源自古法語traison「叛國罪,背叛」(11世紀;現代法語trahison),來自拉丁語traditionem(主格traditio)「交付,投降,傳遞,放棄」(西班牙語traicion的來源),名詞形式來自過去分詞詞幹tradere「交付,交出」,來自trans「超過」(參見trans-)+ dare「給予」(來自原始印歐語根*do-「給予」)。是tradition的雙生詞。古法語形式受動詞trair「背叛」的影響。

Vpon Thursday it was treason to cry God saue king James king of England, and vppon Friday hye treason not to cry so. [Thomas Dekker, "The Wonderfull Yeare 1603"]

在古英國法律中,high treason(約公元1400年)是指臣民違反對王冠或國家的最高權力的效忠(其中high的意義是「嚴重,嚴峻」);與petit treason區分,後者是指對臣民的叛國罪,例如僕人謀殺主人,還有偽造等。Constructive treason是一種司法虛構,通過該虛構,未懷有叛國意圖但被認為具有叛國效果的行為,將被懲罰為真正的叛國罪。這解釋了美國憲法中對叛國罪定義的謹慎措辭。

Lord George Gordon was thrown into the Tower and was tried before Lord Mansfield on the charge of high treason for levying war upon the Crown. The charge ... rested upon the assertion that the agitation which he had created and led was the originating cause of the outrages that had taken place. As there was no evidence that Lord George Gordon had anticipated these outrages, as he had taken no part in them, and had even offered his services to the Government to assist in their suppression, the accusation was one which, if it had been maintained, would have had consequences very dangerous to public liberty. [W.E.H. Lecky, on the Gordon Riots (1780), in "History of England in the Eighteenth Century"] 

中英語中也有作動詞,treisounen(14世紀中期)「背叛,交給敵人」。

英語形容詞的常見結尾和構詞元素(通常基於及物動詞),具有「能夠;易於;允許;值得;需要;或必須被______」的意義,有時意為「充滿,造成」,來自法語-able,直接源自拉丁語-abilis

它實際上是-ble,來自拉丁語-bilis(元音通常來自被附加動詞的詞幹結尾),代表原始印歐語*-tro-,一個用來形成工具名詞的後綴,與英語ruddersaddle(名詞)的第二音節同源。

在英語中是一個活躍的元素,用於從拉丁語或本土詞彙的新構詞(readablebearable),也用於名詞(objectionablepeaceable)。有時具有主動意義(suitablecapable),有時具有中性意義(durableconformable)。到20世紀,其意義變得非常靈活,如在reliable witnessplayable foul ballperishable goods中。一位17世紀的作家使用了cadaverable「致命的」。

To take a single example in detail, no-one but a competent philologist can tell whether reasonable comes from the verb or the noun reason, nor whether its original sense was that can be reasoned out, or that can reason, or that can be reasoned with, or that has reason, or that listens to reason, or that is consistent with reason; the ordinary man knows only that it can now mean any of these, & justifiably bases on these & similar facts a generous view of the termination's capabilities; credible meaning for him worthy of credence, why should not reliable & dependable mean worthy of reliance & dependence? [Fowler]
以一個詳細的例子來說,只有一位合格的語言學家才能判斷reasonable是來自動詞還是名詞reason,也無法確定其原始意義是可以推理出的,還是可以推理的,或是可以與之推理的,或是有理性的,或是聽從理性的,或是與理性一致的;普通人只知道它現在可以意味這些中的任何一個,並且合理地基於這些和類似的事實對結尾的能力持有寬容的看法;對他來說,credible意味著值得信賴,為什麼reliabledependable不可以意味值得依賴和信任呢?[Fowler]

在拉丁語中,-abilis-ibilis取決於動詞的屈折元音。因此在古法語、西班牙語、英語中有變體形式-ible。在英語中,-able傾向於用於本土(和其他非拉丁語)詞彙,-ible則用於明顯的拉丁語來源詞(但也有例外)。拉丁語後綴在詞源上與able無關,但長期以來一直與其有流行的聯繫,這可能促成了它作為一個活躍後綴的活力。

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    treasonable 的趨勢

    根據books.google.com/ngrams/調整。Ngrams可能不可靠。

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    翻譯由AI生成。查看原文,請訪問: Etymology, origin and meaning of treasonable

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